我们进一步研究了水滴在光电热效应下的冻融状态。如图 5f 所示，当环境温度为 -40 ℃ 时，水滴（40 μL）在不同光照强度下的冻结状态完全不同。在没有光照的情况下，水滴会立即冻结（1 秒）。在 3600 秒的测试中，在 0.8 kW m-2 的光照下，水滴从未冻结，显示出出色的防冰性能。照明 1 小时后，施加 25 V 电压 10 分钟。可以清楚地看到，在光热效应和电热效应同时起作用时，水滴仍未冻结。

The freeze–thaw state of a water droplet under the photo-electro-thermal effect was further studied. As shown in Figure 5f, when the ambient temperature is −40 °C, the freezing state of a droplet (40 μL) under different sunlight intensities presents a completely different situation. In the absence of illumination, water droplets freeze immediately (∼1 s). During the 3600 s test, the water droplets never freeze under an illumination of 0.8 kW m–2, showing the outstanding performance of anti-icing. After illumination for 1 h, the voltage of 25 V was applied for 10 min. It is clear to see that the water droplet remained unfrozen when photo-thermal and electro-thermal effects worked at the same time.